Hüseyin Burnu Feneri/ Lighthouse of Cape Hüseyin, Bodrum, Muğla, TURKEY
27.11.2012
24.11.2012
Her gün sanat/ Art everyday :: 52
17.11.2012
8.11.2012
Her gün sanat/ Art everyday :: 50
Çılgın perşembe koşturmacasına 1 dakika ara:
pencereyi açıp gri-maviye bakmak, sıcak fırtına rüzgarını hissetmek ve
yaklaşan yağmuru koklamak...Ben de dahil herkes çok meşgul ama akıl
sağlığı için 60 saniye ayrılabilir:) / 1 minute break to the mad thursday rush: opening the window to look at the grey-blue, feel the warm storm wind and sniff the approaching rain...Everybody is so busy, including me, but one can spare 60 seconds for the sake of mental health:)
Labels:
fotoğraf/ photography,
sanat/ art
6.11.2012
Onat Kutlar
YKY'de ayın yazarı Onat Kutlar.1994 Aralık'a
geri gittim. Çetin Emeç, Turan Dursun, Bahriye Üçok, Uğur Mumcu derken
sıranın kendisinde olduğunu biliyor muydu? Aslında faili belli
cinayetler ülkesinde bir aydın olmanın lanetini sırtında taşıyarak,
güzel insanların hep erken öldüğü bir dünyada...
"Şimdi sessiz duruyoruz kıyısında bir düşüncenin
unutmamak için çünkü unutuşun kolay ülkesindeyiz
ölü balıklar geçiyor kırışık bir deniz sofrasından
ve ellerinde fenerlerle benim arkadaşlarım
durmadan düşünüyorum ne kadar çok öldük yaşamak için."
"Şimdi sessiz duruyoruz kıyısında bir düşüncenin
unutmamak için çünkü unutuşun kolay ülkesindeyiz
ölü balıklar geçiyor kırışık bir deniz sofrasından
ve ellerinde fenerlerle benim arkadaşlarım
durmadan düşünüyorum ne kadar çok öldük yaşamak için."
20.10.2012
Her gün sanat/ Art everyday :: 49
Labels:
fotoğraf/ photography,
sanat/ art
19.10.2012
6.10.2012
Hergün sanat/ Art everyday :: 47
"İyi yapılmış iş, iyi dile getirilenden üstündür", Benjamin Franklin /"Well done is better than well said", Benjamin Franklin
Labels:
eskiz/ sketch,
sanat/ art,
sözler/ quotations
29.09.2012
18.09.2012
Her gün sanat/ Art everyday :: 46
"Otostopçunun Galaksi Rehberi"ni yazan Douglas Adams'ın bir sözü: Nadiren gitmek istediğim yere varırım ama her zaman olmam gereken yerdeyimdir. / Words by the author of "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", Douglas Adams.
Not: Michelle Ward'un "Synchronicity" atölyesinden ilham almıştır/ Inspired by "Synchronicity" workshop of Michelle Ward.
17.09.2012
Sonbahar yeşilleri/ Autumn greens
lavanta/ lavender
sarmaşık/ ivy
tül çiçeği / tulle flower?
adını unuttuğum çiçek/ i forgot the name of the flower
kediler / cats
nane/ mint
limon ağacı/ lemon tree
kurdela çiçeği / ribbon flower?
limon selvi / golden cypress?
çilek/ strawberry
fare kulağı/ mouse ear?
başka bir sarmaşık/ another type of ivy
yılan çiçeği/ snake flower?
Bitkilerin bilimsel isimlerini bilmiyorum:) O yüzden düz bir çeviri yaptım. / I do not know the scientific names of the plants:) So I made a literary translation.
14.09.2012
Her gün sanat/ Art everyday :: 44,5
12.09.2012
Her gün sanat/ Art everyday :: 43,5
Her gün sanat/ Art everyday :: 42
suluboyayla oynarken...şiir Özdemir İnce'den...
BİR AŞK ŞİİRİ (1936)
Bir rüzgar geçti demin,
gençti, benim rüzgarımdı,
saçları dağınıktı,
kaygan sırtından tanıdım.
Bir rüzgar geçti demin,
sendin o, hem evcil, hem yabanıl,
uykundan, ot kokundan tanıdım seni.
Paslanırım, ağzım kurur,
açamam hiçbir yelkeni
senden uzakta.
Dön gel,
ben de dönüp geleyim,
bir tanyeri saatinde
birlikte eselim
öteki rüzgarlarla.
playing with watercolors...the poem is by Özdemir İnce, translation by humble me...
A LOVE POEM (1936)
A wind has just passed by,
it was young, it was mine,
its hair was messy,
I recognized it from its slippery back.
A wind has just passed by,
it was you, both domestic and wild,
I recognized you from your sleep, your grassy scent.
I rust, my mouth dries out,
can not open any sails
away from you.
Come back,
so that I come back,
on an hour at dawn
let us blow together
with the other winds.
BİR AŞK ŞİİRİ (1936)
Bir rüzgar geçti demin,
gençti, benim rüzgarımdı,
saçları dağınıktı,
kaygan sırtından tanıdım.
Bir rüzgar geçti demin,
sendin o, hem evcil, hem yabanıl,
uykundan, ot kokundan tanıdım seni.
Paslanırım, ağzım kurur,
açamam hiçbir yelkeni
senden uzakta.
Dön gel,
ben de dönüp geleyim,
bir tanyeri saatinde
birlikte eselim
öteki rüzgarlarla.
playing with watercolors...the poem is by Özdemir İnce, translation by humble me...
A LOVE POEM (1936)
A wind has just passed by,
it was young, it was mine,
its hair was messy,
I recognized it from its slippery back.
A wind has just passed by,
it was you, both domestic and wild,
I recognized you from your sleep, your grassy scent.
I rust, my mouth dries out,
can not open any sails
away from you.
Come back,
so that I come back,
on an hour at dawn
let us blow together
with the other winds.
11.09.2012
7.09.2012
FEELING AT HOME : NOTES OF A JOURNEY BY THE ROMAN TRAVELLER IN THE 2nd CENTURY PERGAMON
Though written as an academic text this paper has a stand between fiction and facts. It is a tribute to the history of the places I live, surely in the way that I dream. So I thought it might be possible to publish it here on the blog due to its narrative qualities. It was originally produced in English maybe if I have the time, one day I will translate it to Turkish as well.
On
the dawn of May 12 in
147 AD Senator Quintus[1] reached
the plain of Pergamon with his men, eight weeks after departing from Rome,
heading off to Ostia, getting on a ship of his majesty Antoninus Pius and
reaching the western shores of Asia Minor in Ephesos to deliver a letter from
the emperor himself to the governor. Quintus was assigned to hand in the orders
of the emperor for the upcoming celebrations of the nine-hundredth anniversary of the foundation of Rome[2]
as well as to control the state of the important cities of western Asia Minor
and make sure they had contributed to the celebrations aptly. Though Quintus
had travelled outside Italy more than once, it was his first journey to Asia
Minor. Thus, he was a bit anxious on his set out from Ephesos. Finding one's
way in an unknown province and leading his squad at the same time would be a
challenge. After all, this land was not Rome.
Soon
after Senator Quintus and his squad had left the city, the marble paved road
turned into cut limestone and then to slate, the villas and privately owned
gardens were taken over by regularly lined fertile
fields,[3]
which were only pierced by the finely paved roads they were following on. To
Quintus' surprise, they had no time to get lost for each junction they came
across employed a well executed milestone showing the distances and directions
to the neighbouring cities as well as the distance and directions to Rome. The
junctions closer to the cities were sometimes marked with gates, triumphal
arches and the more rural ones sometimes had fountains. Without ever noticing,
thousands of miles away from his homeland, the capital of the Empire, Senator
Quintus started to feel a familiarity in this foreign land. For in his mind, he
could clearly make a connection with Rome through this centralized network of
roads; regardless of his position in the world, he could visualize himself
departing from a known point – Miliarum Aureum column in the Capitol,
having all his journey, controlling the conquered land and then turning back
home safely as all roads would finally lead to Rome.[4]
During the first day of the ride from Ephesos to
Pergamon, the group came along several cities. Quintus realized that just like
Ephesus these cities were still using Greek in their daily life. The people
were dressed differently than the citizens in Rome. The majority of
architecture was mostly several hundred years old executed in a local style. He
could observe that this land had had a long tradition, much older than the
Empire. Yet, in many ways these cities felt as Roman as Rome itself. “What is
it then...” he thought, “...that we call Roman in this land?”. It wasn't until
they reached Smyrna the very same night that Senator Quintus could put forward
an answer to his question. Being midway on their route, Smyrna was the ideal
place to camp overnight. Surely, long before he started his travel Quintus was
well informed about the three important cities of Asia; namely Ephesos, Smyrna
and Pergamon, which were competing with each other to receive the title of “the
greatest city of Asia”.[5] Yet, he thought the
“greatness” of these cities were a bit exaggurated and their “Roman” nature was
questionable. So on his way, Quintus wanted to gather as much information as he
could and validate his ideas. That was why he accepted to meet Aelius Aristides of Smyrna, the orator,
in his camp.[6] Aristides
told him that the city was founded by Alexander the Great and each Smyrnian was
proud of this history. But it was no guarantee for a long term peace in the
territory. The city had willingly entered the Roman rule[7]
350 years ago and for each day they had spent under the empire they were beyond
pleased. As Rome bestowed freedom (the city was free of garrisons or any kind
of military force) and citizenship to the city it was only “a fair price to pay
annual taxes” he added.[8] Senator Quintus was aware
that Smyrna or the other western Asia Minor cities were not as free as their
inhabitants would have liked to think. It was true that the territory was
divided into provinces ruled by local governors. They were few in number and an
ordinary citizen would hardly meet one in his lifetime. But each of the
governors was responsible to the senate in Rome.[9]
And the cities themselves had municipial officials instead of the former
priests and tyrants.[10] It was Rome's choice to make
use of the local heritages and values for her own good which was perceived as
“freedom” by the cities themselves.[11]
So, there was a mutualistic relationship between the centre and the provinces
as long as the cities behaved well. In other words, Rome's invisible sword was
always hanging upon the provinces. The only surprise here for Quintus was to
see the enthusiasm put forward by the cities to become “Roman” by honouring the
Emperor and showing their loyalty to the Empire in every way they could find.
Peculiarly in the case of Smyrna this effort was taken to the extreme as the
city was one of the earliest places in Asia Minor to accept Roman rule and
start the cult of goddess “Roma”.[12] “Well, ...” Quintus thought “... if being “Roman” is
all about feeling ready to surrender to this power, let the big ruler govern
and enjoy the individual freedoms, though sometimes to be sacrificed, under
this one man who can rule best[13]
then who on earth deserves to be called “Roman” more than the Smyrnians?” The
Senator was planning to investigate Smyrna thoroughly on his way back, the
night was hiding all the view away from his eyes, so for that night he decided
it was enough.
During
their second day on the road the group passed by several other cities when they
finally reached the Atarneus plain to camp overnight. Atarneus was Pergamon's
harbour and Quintus felt a relief as he knew they were only a few hours away
from Pergamon.[14]
Thus,
on the dawn of May
12 in
147 AD, following the paved road from the Atarneus plain northeast into the
Pergamon plain; the group was greeted by the acropolis of the town high in the
distance. Here and there the old, strong fortifications were visible following
the natural outlines of the topography but they were mostly obscured by the
outer quarters of the city overflowing and encircling them. Two big tumuli
along with several tombs were marking the entrance to the city.[15]
Soon the group passed under the arches of the southern city gate. Quintus
raised his head and saw the one building clad in white marble, crowning the
hill of the acropolis at the highest spot, shining in the morning light to gaze
at the newcomers.[16] This
was the Temple of Trajan. Trajan as Jupiter Amicalis, along with his successor
Hadrian, was overseeing, ruling and protecting the city of Pergamon just as
much as any other city of the Empire. For Quintus and his men this was Rome in
idea and flesh: The Capitol was watching the capital of the Empire, at the
crossing of the roads, with its Temples of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva.[17]
The Traianeum was standing at the end of all the roads converging north, rising
on the ancient Temple of Dionysos to his left and Athena to his right. As
Aelius Aristides had told Quintus, there was no army, not even a soldier in
sight.[18]
Yet, the power of the system and the essence of this power, the Roman army, was
existent in the body of this single building dominating the whole landscape,
for Jupiter was the main deity of the Empire and the patron of the Roman army.
Quintus silently hailed his emperors/deities and proceeded.
The
colonnaded street, lined with shops selling all sorts of Pergamene goods, was slowly awakening. The smell of the
freshly baked bread and cooking food was enticing but Quintus had to find the
noble Aulus Julius Quadratus.[19] He was
sure that Quadratus would welcome them well. So the road had led them through
the baths onto the Forum. The Forum was
an open space of roughly 300 by 600 roman feet, surrounded by colonnades on all
sides alike.[20]
To the east Quintus realized an even longer colonnade of granite columns and
marble capitals serving to the Sanctuary of
Egyptian Gods. Behind the propylon rose the round temples themselves
with a rectangular one in between, totally clad with marble and finished with
architectural details of Egyptian tradition. For the Roman of the second
century it was not surprising to find the Egyptian gods in the heart of a city
in Asia.[21]
The Empire was celebrating the eastern gods as much as the -mostly converted to
Roman- members of the Greek Pantheon along with deified emperors.[22]
Quintus knew both the Traianeum and the Temples of the Egyptian Gods were built
during the reign of Hadrian. Though the outcome was different, for the Senator
both served the same purpose: These edifices stood there to visualize the power
of Rome. They were the solid evidence of “compromise between subjectivities and
the effort to build something new out of the potential conflicts of identity
between conquering Rome and her provinces”.[23]
So it wasn't the content but the siting of the Sanctuary itself over the line
of the river Selinus that made the whole ensemble remarkable for the Senator.
In
the Forum, Quintus and his men were immediately recognized and a few minutes
later they were greeted by Quadratus. He took them to his house on the street
overlooking the Forum. The entrance facade of the house was far from attractive
(a plain wall with the only opening being the entrance door flanked by shops on
both sides) and Quintus was frustrated for a moment. But this moment only
lasted a few seconds until he stepped into the house. The group was welcomed by
an atrium filled with light and the sound of the flowing water, extending to
the right and left with symmetrical exedras, embellished with the masks of
Quadratus’ ancestors,[24] and
reaching as far as the lush green peristyle garden on the same line at the back
of the house.[25]
It was a piece of nature captured inside. Yet, it was not pure nature itself,
it was modified and challenged under the hands of the Roman. Just like the
regular grids of the roads that had taken Quintus so easily from the plain into
the city and the Forum, the house was designed to lead its visitors from the
entrance to its interior.[26] The
Senator had the same familiar feeling again: This house was so new to him, yet
if he closed his eyes he could have imagined that he was in his house back in
the skirts of the Capitol.
After
a long breakfast and good rest Quadratus had offered to take the group to Asklepion in the afternoon. Quintus was very eager to
go as he wanted to meet Gallieanus,[27]
the doctor there and see the famous Sanctuary of Asclepius. The sacred way
leading to the Asclepion was not far from Quadratus’ house. Soon they were
walking on the busy road towards southwest shaded with vaults overhead. They
passed by the theater and as they approached the Sanctuary, Quintus realized
the votives being sold in the shops. He bought some for himself and his family.
At the end of the colonnaded street, turning abrubtly to the west, the group
entered the propylea of the Sanctuary. Down the steps was the courtyard
surrounded with colonnades on three sides. Everywhere were people walking, praying
and talking. As they went on, Quintus could see the round temple of Asclepius,
almost a copy of the Pantheon.[28] They had spent a lot of time
at different parts of the Sanctuary, talked with Gallieanus about Quintus’
rheumatism, worshipped to Asclepius and made offerings until the sun was ready
to set down.
When
the evening came along it was time to go to the Amphitheatre to watch the naval
games. Walking back the sacred way, proceeding to the north of the theater,
Quintus could hear the roaring crowd as they approached the Amphitheater set on
the Selinus. The senator did not care much about the details of the structure.
Pergamon was bestowed an amphitheater and it was a priviledge to be granted to
only three cities in Asia. Still, he thought, “nothing like the Colosseum”.[29]
But he was really entertained that evening.
The
next day Quintus and his men went to the Acropolis and paid visits to Traianeum
and other sacred sites. From the terrace of the Traianeum, Quintus could see
Pergamon more clearly. They were close to the heart of the ancient Pergamon,
yet everywhere was the stamp of Rome. It was a fountain and colonnade here, a
triumphal arch and a statue there.[30]
The acropolis was the head of Pergamon. Down the hill was lying the body,
complete with the forum, baths, theater, amphitheater, stadium and several
temples. Streets, colonnades, gates and bridges were connecting them, which
were embraced with houses and shops, too. “Perfect...” said Quintus, “Pergamon
will contribute to the games beyond our expectations”.
Surely it was not an easy
task to take a deep rooted Hellenistic town like Pergamon and turn it into a
Roman city like the one Quintus was experiencing and enjoying. If we were to
ask the people of Pergamon, they would say that they have worked hard. And true
it was.
When Pergamon first chose to
be Roman the city was flourishing but the land was not enough as the city was
contained within the fortifications. Not every person had the same reach to all
amenities. So the people were in need of the peace that would be brought on by
Rome and develop Pergamon. Yet, financially they were on their own. They had to
pay taxes and make the necessary adjustments. Their approach to architecture
had to be flexible, free of fixed rules or recipes but dependent on principles.[31] Only this way could they finish works on time.
Indeed, if Quintus had a second look at even the most “perfect” structure in
town, the Traianeum, he would detect many flaws.[32]
The construction was pressured under the decreasing time before the visit of
Hadrian, so the latest parts to be added were either unfinished, semi-finished
or wrongly executed. Similarly, the structures of Asclepion were indeed far
from being perfect.[33]
Actually, almost all the
cities Quintus had visited had to go through a similar transformation. None of
the western Anatolian cities were alike, each employed different buildings and
programmes. Yet, Quintus would easily call them Roman. It wasn't the single
buildings themselves that made a city Roman in character. It was the way how
they were bound together. The city armature/ skeleton of the city, formed by
roads, streets, supported by gates and arches, dressed with columns/pilasters
of several orders was the unifying element and the secret of “Romanization”.[34]
REFERENCES
·
Bowman, Alan K. The
Cambridge
Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70-192. Cambridge University
Press, 2000, p. 154.
·
Elsner, Jas, Imperial
Rome and Christian Triumph, Oxford and New York, 1998.
·
Jones, M.
Wilson, Principles of Roman Architecture, Yale University Press, New Haven
& London, 2003.
·
Kostof, Spiro, A History of Architecture, Settings and
Rituals, New York and Oxford, 1985, p. 201. 16.
·
Mac Donald,
William, The Architecture of the Roman Empire, Volume II: An Urban Appraisal,
New Haven and London, 1986.
·
Onians, John, Classical
Art and the Cultures of Greece and Rome, New Haven and London, 1999.
·
Radt, Wolfgang, “The Urban Development of Pergamon”
in Urbanism in Western Asia Minor (Journal of Roman Archaeology,
Supplementary Series, number 45), David Perrish, ed., Portsmouth, Rhode Island,
2001, pp. 43-56.
·
Radt, Wolfgang, Pergamon
Antik Bir Kentin Tarihi ve Yapıları, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul, Nisan
2002.
·
Schulz, C.
Norberg, Meaning in Western Architecture, New York, 1978.
·
Speidel, Michael
P., Riding for Caesar: The Roman
Emperors' Horse Guards, Harvard University Press, 1997, pg. 50 and Canduci,
Alexander, Triumph & Tragedy: The
Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors, Pier 9, ISBN 978-1741965988,
2010, pg. 40.
·
Yegül, Fikret
K., “Memory, Metaphor and Meaning in the Cities of Asia Minor” in Romanization
and the city: Creation, Transformations and Failures ( Journal of Roman
Archaeology, Supplementary Series no. 38) ed. Elizabeth Fentress, Portsmouth,
Rhode Island, 2000, p. 136-138.
·
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aelius_Aristides, viewed on May 29, 2011.
·
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius, viewed on May 29, 2011.
·
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna, viewed on May 29, 2011.
·
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png, viewed on May
29, 2011.
[1] For our purpose, Senator
Quintus, his mission and travels are imaginary. But it is a historical fact
that Antoninus Pius had never left Italy during his reign. He had
“dealt with provincial matters of war and peace through their governors or
through imperial letters to the cities such as Ephesus (of which some were publicly displayed).” For more information see Wikipedia page about
Antoninus Pius, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius, viewed on May 29,
2011; Speidel, Michael P., Riding for
Caesar: The Roman Emperors' Horse Guards, Harvard University Press, 1997,
pg. 50 and Canduci, Alexander, Triumph
& Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors, Pier 9, ISBN
978-1741965988, 2010, pg. 40.
[2] “One highlight during his
reign occurred in 148, with the nine-hundredth anniversary of the foundation of
Rome being celebrated by the hosting of
magnificent games in Rome”.
See
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius, viewed on May 29, 2011 and
Bowman, Alan K. The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire,
A.D. 70-192. Cambridge
University Press, 2000,
p. 154.
[3] Onians, John, Classical
Art and the Cultures of Greece and Rome, New Haven
and London,
1999, p.174. Onians argues that the application of grids to towns
(centuriation) was sometimes extended as far as the landscape surrounding them
to divide land. Whether this was applied to the proximity of Ephesus remains a question but for our
purpose we will accept this was the case.
[4] Schulz, C. Norberg, Meaning
in Western Architecture, New York,
1978, p. 84.
[5] Radt, Wolfgang, Pergamon
Antik Bir Kentin Tarihi ve Yapıları, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul, Nisan
2002, p. 45.
[6] See Wikipedia page on Aelius
Aristides, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aelius_Aristides,
viewed on on May 29, 2011. Aelius Aristides is said to have lived between
117-181 AD. So an encounter with our imaginary senator would not be totally
impossible.
[7] In 197 BC Smyrna cut its ties with Pergamon and entered
the Roman rule. See Wikipedia page about Smyrna,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna,
viewed on May 29, 2011.
[8] Yegül, Fikret K., “Memory,
Metaphor and Meaning in the Cities of Asia Minor” in Romanization and the
city: Creation, Transformations and Failures ( Journal of Roman
Archaeology, Supplementary Series no. 38) ed. Elizabeth Fentress, Portsmouth,
Rhode Island, 2000, p. 136-138.
[9] Yegül, ibid, p. 135.
[10] Mac Donald, William, The
Architecture of the Roman Empire, Volume II: An Urban Appraisal, New Haven and London,
1986, p. 272.
[11] Yegül, ibid, p. 138.
[12] See Wikipedia page about Smyrna, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna,
viewed on May 29, 2011.
[13] Yegül, ibid, p. 139.
[14] All the information about the
2nd century Pergamon has been taken from Radt, Wolfgang, Pergamon
Antik Bir Kentin Tarihi ve Yapıları, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul, Nisan
2002 and Radt, Wolfgang, “The Urban Development of Pergamon” in Urbanism in
Western Asia Minor (Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary Series,
number 45), David Perrish, ed., Portsmouth, Rhode Island, 2001, pp. 43-56.
During the Hellenistic period Atarneus (today's Dikili) was the closest shore
to Pergamon, being 26 km
away from the city. Though Radt does not explicitly mention Atarneus as the harbour of Pergamon it seems the city or at least
its location is the most probable place. For a discussion see Radt, Pergamon,
pp. 16- 19.
[15] Radt, W., Pergamon Antik
Bir Kentin Tarihi ve Yapıları, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul, Nisan 2002,
p. 56, Figure 12 and Radt, W., “The Urban Development of Pergamon” in Urbanism
in Western Asia Minor (Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary Series,
number 45), david Perrish, ed., Portsmouth, Rhode Island, 2001, pp. 42, Figure
2-6.
[16] Radt, W., ibid, p. 208.
[17] Onians, J., ibid, p. 174.
[18] Yegül argues that the
existence of troops in Asia province is
limited to the countryside. The military zone of the province is detected along
the Euphrates. He refers to Aristides and
Stephen Mitchell. For a discussion see Yegül, ibid, p. 136. The military zone
on the west of Asia Minor is lined along Dacia.
For the detailed map of the Roman Empire in
125 AD together with military bases, see
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png,
viewed on May 29, 2011.
[19] Quadratus was a rich noble of
Pergamon who donated a lot to the construction and celebration of Traianeum
between 114-129 (see Radt, W. , Pergamon, ibid, p. 208- 211) If he was
to meet our Quintus he must have been living his elderly ages then.
[20] Radt, W., Pergamon,
ibid, p. 200.
[21] Radt, W., Pergamon,
ibid, p. 204.
[22] Elsner, Jas, Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph, Oxford
and New York,
1998, pp. 134- 16.
[23] Elsner, J., ibid, p. 142.
[24] Onians, ibid, p. 170. It was an occasion to put
the masks of ancestors in nobles’ houses.
[25] Kostof, Spiro, A
History of Architecture, Settings and Rituals, New York and Oxford, 1985,
p. 201.
[26] Schulz, ibid, p. 89.
[27] Gallieanus was a famous doctor of Pergamon, who
owed his fame to curing the gladiators in the amphitheatre. See Radt, W., ibid,
p. 210.
[28] Mac Donald, ibid, p. 259.
[29] The amphitheater was inspired by the Colosseum,
see Radt, W, Pergamon.
[30] Radt talks about many modifications done on the
upper town, formerly Hellenistic buildings, during the Roman period. See Pergamon.
[31] Jones, M. Wilson, ibid, p. 9.
[32] Radt, W., ibid, p. 208.
[33] Jones, ibid, p. 14.
[34] MacDonald, p. 259-60-61.
6.09.2012
Her gün sanat/ Art everyday :: 40
Labels:
fotoğraf/ photography,
sanat/ art
Kaydol:
Kayıtlar (Atom)